Le 26 avril 2022, l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies (AGNU) a adopté par consensus la résolution A/RES/76/262 qui entérine la Veto initiative. Cette résolution stipule que désormais, à chaque fois qu’un des membres permanents (dits « P5 » : États-Unis, Chine, Russie, France et Royaume-Uni) du Conseil de Sécurité utilisera son droit de veto, l’Assemblée générale devra se réunir dans les dix jours qui suivent afin qu’ils expliquent leur décision devant l’ensemble des États membres.
Si elle coïncide avec une situation politique tendue au Conseil de sécurité autour de la guerre en Ukraine – l’utilisation par la Russie de son veto pour contrer un projet de résolution sur cet enjeu avait d’ailleurs suscité de nombreuses critiques – , cette initiative portée par le Liechtenstein est en fait en préparation depuis plus de deux ans. Le texte (document A/77/L.52) intitulé « Mandat permanent pour un débat de l’Assemblée générale lorsqu’un veto est opposé au Conseil de sécurité », a été présenté par l’Ambassadeur du Liechtenstein auprès des Nations unies, Christian Wenaweser comme un « engagement envers le multilatéralisme ».
Le droit de veto est une prérogative inscrite dans la Charte des Nations-Unies (Article 27), qui permet aux membres permanents (P5) de rejeter une décision du Conseil de sécurité. Cet outil a été critiqué à de nombreuses reprises, notamment en ce qu’il peut limiter la capacité du Conseil à exercer pleinement son rôle de garant du maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationale. Cette initiative s’inscrit d’ailleurs dans le cadre plus général des efforts de longue date de réforme du Conseil de sécurité.
Cette nouvelle initiative est importante au regard du rôle du Conseil de sécurité en matière de maintien de la paix. Les membres du Conseil sont en effet en charge de valider le lancement d’une nouvelle opération de paix ainsi que de renouveler leur mandat de manière annuelle. Le recours au droit de veto peut ainsi bloquer la mise en place d’une opération de paix, comme ce fut le cas en 2004 lorsque la Russie bloqua le remplacement de la Force des Nations Unies chargée du maintien de la paix à Chypre (UNFICYP) par une nouvelle mission de paix, la Mission des Nations Unies à Chypre pour la mise en œuvre du règlement (MINUCMOR). Une telle situation impliquera désormais un droit de regard de l’AGNU.
- Crédit image : « Christian Wenaweser, l’Ambassadeur du Liechtenstein auprès des Nations Unies », UN Photo/Manuel Elías
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